原料介紹｜黑胡椒 (Black Pepper)

▎精油簡介

胡椒為木質性常綠攀緣植物，漿果小，無果柄，為密集圓柱穗狀果序，幼果綠色，成熟為橙紅色，外皮皺紋變黑色，種皮堅硬，有強烈芳香辛辣味，威尼斯人稱為「來自天堂的種子」，使用部位為胡椒漿果，一年收成2次，產地於馬達加斯加，在印尼、馬來西亞、斯里蘭卡、海南島、雲南等地也都有栽培。

四千年前遠東地區的人就用來當作藥物或烹飪用香料，到了五世紀歐洲人發覺用途，從此身價水漲船高，據說曾從匈奴王手上贖回羅馬城的條件之一，就是付出三千磅的胡椒。

黑胡椒在現在世界食用香料中消耗相當多，為人們喜愛的一種辛香調味料，在食品工業中被廣泛使用。粉狀胡椒精油是萃取自黑胡椒，氣味較白胡椒濃，也含較多精油。

▎成分解析

｜主要成分：萜烯類

主要成分都是單萜烯，其中包括檸檬稀、β-松烯、α-松烯、α-水芹烯、β-水芹烯、香檜烯等，也有倍半萜烯，如β-石竹烯。

｜研究認證

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｜原料認證

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▎參考文獻

1. Zhang M, et al. Preparation of Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil nanoparticles and its antitumor activity on triple negative breast cancer in vitro. J Food Biochem. 2022. Sep 19:e14406.
2. Zhang C, et al. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antifungal activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil. Food Chem. 2021. Jun 1;346:128845.
3. Ghosh S, et al. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of essential oil from the fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. (Black pepper) in mice: involvement of serotonergic but not GABAergic transmission system. Heliyon. 2021 Apr 25;7(4):e06884.
4. Wang Y, et al. Comparative Analysis of Intracellular and in vitro Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil From White and Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Front Pharmacol. 2021. Jun 25;12:680754.
5. Al-Sayed E, et al.Characterization of Four Piper Essential Oils (GC/MS and ATR-IR) Coupled to Chemometrics and Their anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity. ACS Omega. 2021. Sep 22;6(39):25652-25663.
6. Vinh TDT, et al. Formulation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil nano-emulsion via phase inversion temperature method. Food Sci Nutr. 2020. Feb 21;8(4):1741-1752.
7. Rajkumar V, et al. Structural characterization of chitosan nanoparticle loaded with Piper nigrum essential oil for biological efficacy against the stored grain pest control. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2020. Jun;166:104566.
8. Bastos LPH, et al. Encapsulation of the black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil by lactoferrin-sodium alginate complex coacervates: Structural characterization and simulated gastrointestinal conditions.Food Chem. 2020. Jun 30;316:126345.
9. Bastos LPH, et al. Complex coacervates of β-lactoglobulin/sodium alginate for the microencapsulation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil: Simulated gastrointestinal conditions and modeling release kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020. Oct 1;160:861-870.
10. Salehi B, et al. Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications. Molecules. 2019. Apr 7;24(7):1364.
11. Wang M, et al. Piper nigrum Oil - Determination of Selected Terpenes for Quality Evaluation. Planta Med. 2019. Feb;85(3):185-194.
12. Han X, et al. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) essential oil demonstrates tissue remodeling and metabolism modulating potential in human cells. Phytother Res. 2018. Sep;32(9):1848-1852.
13. Butt MS, et al. Black pepper and health claims: a comprehensive treatise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013. ;53(9):875-86.

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